以下是根据刘晓燕老师的英语长难句课程整理的完整重点笔记，结合了知识库中的核心内容，并按照课程逻辑体系进行归纳总结，适合快速掌握语法长难句的核心知识点。

一、简单句

1. 定义

○ 简单句是只包含一个主谓结构的独立句子，是英语句子的基础形式。

○ 结构：主语（S） + 谓语（V） + 宾语（O）/表语（P）等。

2. 核心规则

○ 谓语动词：

■ 一句话中只能有一个谓语动词（实意动词或系动词），其余动词需转换为非谓语形式（v-ing, v-ed, to do）。

■ 例：

● 正确：She loves reading.

● 错误：She loves read.

○ 主语：

■ 可由名词、代词、非谓语动词或从句充当。

■ 若无主语，需用 it 或 there be 句型补充。

● 例：It is raining. / There are many students in the classroom.

3. 应用技巧

○ 写作中可先用简单句表达核心意思，再逐步扩展为复杂句。

○ 例：

■ 简单句：He studies hard.

■ 扩展：He studies hard to pass the exam (目的状语).

■ 扩展：He studies hard because he wants to go to a good university (原因状语从句).

二、并列句

1. 定义

○ 由两个或多个简单句通过并列连词连接而成的复合句。

2. 并列连词分类

○ 平行关系：and, not only...but also, similarly, likewise

■ 例：He is smart and hardworking.

○ 转折关系：but, yet, while, whereas

■ 例：She is rich, but she is not happy.

○ 因果关系：so, therefore, thus, as a result

■ 例：He studied hard, so he passed the exam.

○ 递进关系：besides, furthermore, moreover

■ 例：She is talented; moreover, she is very kind.

○ 选择关系：or, alternatively

■ 例：You can stay here or leave now.

3. 写作技巧

○ 并列句需注意逻辑关系，合理使用连词，避免句子碎片化。

○ 例：

■ 错误：I like apples. I like bananas.

■ 正确：I like apples and bananas.

三、名词性从句

1. 定义

○ 名词性从句在句子中充当名词成分，可作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。

○ 结构：引导词（that/whether/if/wh-词）+ 主语 + 谓语。

2. 类型与用法

○ 主语从句：

■ 引导词：that, whether, if, wh-词。

■ 例：That he passed the exam surprised everyone.

○ 宾语从句：

■ 引导词：that, whether, if, wh-词。

■ 例：I know that he is honest.

○ 表语从句：

■ 引导词：that, whether, if, wh-词。

■ 例：The problem is how we can solve it.

○ 同位语从句：

■ 引导词：that（不可省略）。

■ 例：The fact that he lied is obvious.

3. 写作技巧

○ 名词性从句可使句子更复杂、表达更精准。

○ 例：

■ 简单句：He said no.

■ 复杂句：He said that he would not accept the offer.

四、定语从句

1. 定义

○ 定语从句修饰名词或代词，由关系代词（that, which, who等）或关系副词（when, where, why等）引导。

2. 关系词选择

○ 关系代词：

■ that（指人/物，可替换which/who）。

■ which（指物，不可指人）。

■ who（指人，主格）。

■ whom（指人，宾格）。

■ whose（指人/物，所有格）。

■ 例：The book that I bought is interesting.

○ 关系副词：

■ when（时间）、where（地点）、why（原因）。

■ 例：This is the city where I was born.

3. 限制性与非限制性定语从句

○ 限制性：不可省略，对先行词起限定作用（无逗号）。

■ 例：The man who is talking to the teacher is my brother.

○ 非限制性：补充说明，可省略（加逗号）。

■ 例：My brother, who is a doctor, is coming tomorrow.

4. 写作技巧

○ 定语从句可扩展句子信息，使表达更丰富。

○ 例：

■ 简单句：The book is interesting.

■ 复杂句：The book that I read last night is interesting.

五、状语从句

1. 定义

○ 状语从句修饰动词、形容词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步等。

2. 分类与引导词

○ 时间状语从句：when, while, as, since, until

■ 例：I will call you when I arrive.

○ 地点状语从句：where, wherever

■ 例：Go where you want.

○ 原因状语从句：because, since, as

■ 例：He failed because he didn’t study.

○ 条件状语从句：if, unless, provided that

■ 例：You will succeed if you try hard.

○ 目的状语从句：so that, in order that

■ 例：He studied hard so that he could pass.

○ 结果状语从句：so...that..., such...that...

■ 例：He was so tired that he fell asleep.

○ 让步状语从句：although, even though, though

■ 例：Although it rained, we went out.

3. 写作技巧

○ 状语从句可增强句子的逻辑性和层次感。

○ 例：

■ 简单句：He passed the exam.

■ 复杂句：He passed the exam because he studied hard.

六、特殊结构

1. 强调句

○ 结构：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子剩余部分。

○ 例：It was he who called me.

○ 注意：强调句不可用于强调谓语动词。

2. 倒装句

○ 否定词开头：never, seldom, hardly, by no means

■ 例：Never have I seen such a beautiful sight.

○ so/neither/nor开头（承前肯定/否定）：

■ 例：She is tired. So am I.

○ so...that...结构（so + 形容词/副词 + 动词 + 主语 + that...）：

■ 例：So difficult was the problem that nobody could solve it.

3. 虚拟语气

○ 与现在事实相反：If + 主语 + 动词过去式, 主语 + would/could + do

■ 例：If I were you, I would go.

○ 与过去事实相反：If + 主语 + had + 过去分词, 主语 + would/could + have + 过去分词

■ 例：If he had studied harder, he would have passed.

○ 与将来事实相反：If + 主语 + were to do/were + to do, 主语 + would/could + do

■ 例：If it were to rain tomorrow, we would stay home.

七、长难句写作技巧

1. 非谓语动词的灵活运用

○ v-ing（主动）、v-ed（被动）、to do（目的）可替代从句。

○ 例：

■ He ran into the room, shouting for help.

■ The book written by her is popular.

2. 分词结构与独立主格

○ 独立主格：名词/代词 + 非谓语动词（逻辑主语不一致）。

■ 例：Weather permitting, we will go out.

3. 句子成分拆分与合并

○ 复杂句可通过拆分长句或合并短句实现。

○ 例：

■ 拆分：He is tired. He needs rest. → He is tired, so he needs rest.

■ 合并：The boy is crying. His leg is hurt. → The boy, whose leg is hurt, is crying.

八、高频考点与易错点

1. 谓语动词唯一性

○ 一句话中只能有一个谓语动词，多余动词需转为非谓语形式。

○ 错误：She goes to school and study English.

○ 正确：She goes to school and studies English. / She goes to school to study English.

2. 主语缺失的补全

○ 无主语时，需用 it 或 there be 句型。

○ 例：It is important to study grammar. / There are many students in the classroom.

3. 从句引导词的选择

○ that 与 which 的区别：

■ 限制性定语从句中，指物时可用 that 或 which。

■ 非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which。

○ 例：

■ 限制性：The book that/which I bought is interesting.

■ 非限制性：The book, which I bought, is interesting.

4. 倒装与强调句的区别

○ 强调句：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who...

○ 倒装句：否定词/so/neither/nor等开头，助动词提前。

○ 例：

■ 强调句：It was he who did it.

■ 倒装句：Never have I seen such a thing.

九、思维导图总结

1. 语法体系总括

○ 简单句 → 并列句 → 名词性从句 → 定语从句 → 状语从句 → 特殊结构（强调句、倒装句、虚拟语气）。

2. 长难句解题步骤

○ 第一步：找出主句的主谓结构。

○ 第二步：识别从句类型及引导词。

○ 第三步：分析非谓语动词的逻辑主语和作用。

○ 第四步：拆分句子成分，逐层理解。

十、课程配套资源

1. 思维导图：建议结合课程视频或笔记中的思维导图梳理语法脉络。

2. 练习题：通过专项练习巩固长难句结构（如主从复合句、倒装句等）。

3. 写作模板：积累高分句型，如：

○ 强调句：It is obvious that...

○ 虚拟语气：If only I had known...

○ 倒装句：Only in this way can we...

附录：高频长难句例句解析

1. 强调句：

○ It was because of his hard work that he succeeded.

○ 解析：强调原因状语从句 because of his hard work。

2. 定语从句：

○ The man who is talking to the teacher is my brother.

○ 解析：who is talking to the teacher 修饰 the man。

3. 虚拟语气：

○ If I were you, I would take the job.

○ 解析：与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。

4. 倒装句：

○ Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.

○ 解析：否定词 never 开头，需倒装。

5. 非谓语动词：

○ Having finished his homework, he went out to play.

○ 解析：having finished 作状语，表示时间顺序。